Document Type : Review Article
Authors
Department of Physics, School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
Abstract
Recently, the fuel crisis has been getting worse every day, impacting the economy of the society and the nation as well as aggravating the environmental imbalance by rising carbon levels and air pollution However, green and renewable bio-oil can provide a solution for affordable energy and environmental safety but the drawbacks of bio-oil include its higher viscosity, polarity, high molecular weight due to the high oxygen content, tar content, acidity in nature, high molecular weight due to its high viscosity and moisture content. As a result, bio-oil cannot be used directly in engines or high energy applications and must be upgraded for those uses. This study concentrated on ways to enhance the quality of bio-oil utilizing physical and chemical upgrading techniques, including hydro-cracking, hydro-treatment, hydro-deoxygenation, esterification, emulsification, and steam reforming. The bio-oil industry and bio-oil-based research for the creation of clean energy fuel will both be solved by this study.
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